Grade 11 History unit 6: Africa and the outside world: 1500-1880s

The text says 'The Manikongo (king of Kongo) ruled a highly centralized government.' Mwene Mutapa was the title of the kings of the Mutapa state, Ngola was the king of Ndongo, and Kabaka was the king of Buganda.

The text says 'Its capital, Benin City, was a walled city with spacious streets and wooden houses.' Kumasi was the capital of Ashante, Khami was a Torwa center, and Gao was a Songhay city.

The text says Shaka 'successfully defended his kingdom from neighbouring Bantu clans and Boers, largely with the support of his mother, Queen Nandi.'

The text says 'In 1504, they established the Funj Sultanate with its center at Sennar.' Gezira is where the Abdallabi fought for grazing rights, and Darfur was a region the Funj Sultanate extended its hegemony over.

The text says West European merchants 'brought from Europe goods such as clothes, alcoholic beverages, metal wares and firearms to Africa to exchange them for slaves.' Sugar, tobacco and rum were products from the plantations in the Americas, and gum Arabic, groundnuts and palm oil were exports of the legitimate trade.

The text says 'Perhaps as many as one sixth of African slaves died during the journey and their corpses were thrown into the ocean.' The Middle Passage was the voyage across the Atlantic.

The text says that by the middle of the 19th century palm oil 'had become West Africa's major overseas export' and was 'the main source of lubricant for Europe's industrial machinery before the development of Petroleum oil.' Gum Arabic was the product used to fix dyes in cloth.

The text says 'It was since the early 1850s, when the Quinine was discovered and provided reasonable protection from malaria fever, that European exploration of Africa was quickened.' High deaths from malaria had slowed exploration before this.

The text says 'The second phase of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade is also known as the triangular trade, because it formed one part of the triangular shaped international trade network.' The first phase was the piratic slave trade and the third phase was the free trade. The legitimate trade came after slavery was outlawed.

The text says that the Sokoto caliphate 'became popular with the Jihads of the Fulani cleric named Usman dan Fodio during the first half of the 19th century.' The Fulani later established the Sokoto caliphate in what is now northern Nigeria.