Free short notes and revision cards
Grade 10 Afaan Oromoo on Temari has 19 revision cards, arranged by the chapters of the Ethiopian national curriculum. Every card says when the rule applies, what each symbol in it stands for, and the mistake students most often make with it. They are free to read and need no account.
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When you use it
Use this when you punctuate a sentence, write names of people or places, or write abbreviations and amounts of money.
Watch out
Each letter of an abbreviation takes its own full stop, as in A.L.A. for Akka Lakkoofsa Awurooppaatti and Dh.K.D. for Dhaloota Kiristosiin Dura. A question ends with a question mark (?), not a full stop.
Drafted from Grade 10 Afaan Oromoo, pages 1-15, then checked twice before it went up
When you use it
Use this when you must name the type of a noun in a sentence, as in Gilgaala 11, where you separate maqaa dhuunfaa from maqaa meeshaa.
Watch out
A common word is not automatically a gamtaa noun. Countable nouns (lakkaawaman) such as mana and sa'a take a number, while uncountable nouns (hinlakkaawamne) such as bishaan and jaalala cannot be counted as one, two, three.
Drafted from Grade 10 Afaan Oromoo, pages 1-15, then checked twice before it went up
When you use it
Use this when you must say what kind of verb form appears in a sentence, such as a helper verb, a past-carrying form, or a passive form.
Watch out
Helper verbs (gargaartuu) tur, qab, jira, ool, dand and jedhamu do not stand alone as the main action; they join a main verb, as in Deemuu qabna and Gahutu sirra jira. A passive form such as Ijoolleen reebamte shows the subject receiving the action, not doing it.
Drafted from Grade 10 Afaan Oromoo, pages 1-15, then checked twice before it went up
When you use it
Reach for this when an exercise asks you to sort or write himoota and you need to decide which of the four types a sentence belongs to.
Watch out
Do not decide from the end mark or a question word alone. A statement can contain a number or a place word and still be hima himiinsaa, as in 'Torbeen tokko guyyoota torba qaba.', which ends with a full stop and gives information.
Drafted from Grade 10 Afaan Oromoo, pages 16-26, then checked twice before it went up
When you use it
Reach for this when an exercise asks you to label the subject, object and verb of a short Afaan Oromoo sentence.
Watch out
The verb (gochima) comes at the end of the sentence, after the object. In 'Barsiisaan kitaaba dubbise.' the verb is 'dubbise', not 'kitaaba', and the object is 'kitaaba'.
Drafted from Grade 10 Afaan Oromoo, pages 27-39, then checked twice before it went up
When you use it
Reach for this when you punctuate a sentence that holds a list, two linked clauses, or an explanation that follows a statement.
Watch out
Put the semicolon before a linking word such as haata'umalee and a comma after it, as in: Ganamaan ka'ee mana barumsaa dhaquufan ture; haata'umalee, barumsi hinjiru.
Drafted from Grade 10 Afaan Oromoo, pages 40-56, then checked twice before it went up
When you use it
Reach for this when a question asks you to name the parts of an asoosama dheeraa or to explain how a long narrative is built.
Watch out
Jaargocha is not a plain list of events in order; each event must be explained by the reason it happened.
Drafted from Grade 10 Afaan Oromoo, pages 40-56, then checked twice before it went up
When you use it
Use this when a question asks you to pick out the verb of a sentence (mataa gaalee) and the words that complete or modify it (miiltoo).
Watch out
Do not put a level-two word straight under the verb. In the chapter's example, meetira kuma kudhaniin modifies madaaliyaa warqee, not fudhate, so it is miiltoo sadarkaa lammaffaa (level two).
Drafted from Grade 10 Afaan Oromoo, pages 57-71, then checked twice before it went up
When you use it
Reach for this when asked to pick out simple sentences (himoota salphaa) from a longer sentence (himoota dachaa) or to rewrite one.
Watch out
Count the verbs, not the commas. Each verb gets its own simple sentence with the subject. The example Gammadeen Aggaarootii buna bittee Finfinnee geessitee gurgurte has three verbs (bitte, geessite, gurgurte), so it gives three simple sentences, and the subject Gammadeen is repeated in each.
Drafted from Grade 10 Afaan Oromoo, pages 57-71, then checked twice before it went up
| Reply | What the reply says |
|---|---|
| First reply | Refusal: "lakki siifi miiltoowwan kee bulchuu hindandeenyu" (we cannot let you and your feet rest here) |
| Second reply | Neither a clear yes nor a clear no: the traveller is allowed to rest in a dallanaa or mufataa, a side or sheltered spot |
| Third reply | Full welcome: "maaloo koottaa seenaa; manni kan Waaqaati" (come in, the house belongs to God) |
When you use it
Reach for this when a reading question asks what answer a traveller may receive when asking an Oromo household for lodging.
Watch out
Students often take the first reply, the refusal, as the Oromo norm. The text says that refusing a guest is not accepted in Oromo custom, and that the Oromo are known for hospitality.
Drafted from Grade 10 Afaan Oromoo, pages 57-71, then checked twice before it went up
| First word | Second word | Compound word (jecha makoo) |
|---|---|---|
| mana | jala | mala |
| mataa | kaaba | makaa |
| laga | qoree | garee |
| biyya | fira | bira |
When you use it
Reach for this when a question asks how a new word is formed by joining two words, or when you must give an example of a compound word.
Watch out
Write a compound word as one joined word, not as two separate words. Its meaning is a new meaning and is not simply the meaning of its two parts, so do not explain it by adding the parts together.
Drafted from Grade 10 Afaan Oromoo, pages 72-82, then checked twice before it went up
When you use it
Reach for this when you need to decide whether a clause can stand alone as a full sentence, for example when you combine or write sentences in Afaan Oromoo.
Watch out
A clause that begins with a linking word such as osoo, yoo, silaa, waan, erga or yommuu is ciroo hirkataa and does not give a complete message alone. Do not treat it as a full sentence. Pair it with a ciroo ofdanda'aa that can stand alone.
Drafted from Grade 10 Afaan Oromoo, pages 72-82, then checked twice before it went up
When you use it
Use this to decide whether a clause in an Afaan Oromoo sentence can stand alone as a complete statement or needs another clause to finish its meaning.
Watch out
Do not call a clause independent just because it has a verb. A clause is dependent (hirkataa) when it begins with a linking word such as osoo, yoo, erga, waan, silaa or yammuu, even if it reads like a full statement. Mark it hirkataa.
Drafted from Grade 10 Afaan Oromoo, pages 83-100, then checked twice before it went up
When you use it
Use this when writing a paragraph, or when identifying its main sentence, supporting sentences and concluding sentence.
Watch out
Keep one main idea per paragraph. The concluding sentence (hima goolabaa) summarises the earlier points and should not introduce a new idea.
Drafted from Grade 10 Afaan Oromoo, pages 83-100, then checked twice before it went up
When you use it
Use this when asked to identify or explain what makes a text a walaloo. Its four features are qabatamummaa (grounded in real life), fakkii uumuu (creating images in the listener's mind), qusannaa jechaa fi walitti qabama yaadaa (careful word choice and linking of ideas), and yeedaloo (matching sounds at line endings).
Watch out
Yeedaloo means matching sounds at the ends of lines, not matching meanings. Do not confuse it with fakkii uumuu, which is about images.
Drafted from Grade 10 Afaan Oromoo, pages 101-113, then checked twice before it went up
| Part | Meaning |
|---|---|
| Mathima | Doer of the action or the one spoken about; the subject of the hima, also called mataa hima |
| Antima | The thing the action is done to |
| Gochima | The action itself (verb), e.g. miicce, miidhan, hafte, cufi |
When you use it
Use this when you must identify the parts of a sentence (hima) in a passage, or explain why a line counts as a hima.
Watch out
A hima needs at least a mathima and a gochima to be accepted. A hidden subject such as ati still counts as the mathima, so do not mark it as missing.
Drafted from Grade 10 Afaan Oromoo, pages 101-113, then checked twice before it went up
| Word | Used with | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| tume | seera tume | Baase |
| tume | mucaa tume | Reebe |
| tume | bokkaan tume | Doollesse, humnaan roobe |
| tume | buna tume | Bulleesse |
| tume | midhaan tume | Calleesse |
| tume | ilkaan tume | Irga gurraachesse |
When you use it
Use this when a question asks what the word tume means in a given phrase, or why one spelling carries several meanings in Afaan Oromoo.
Watch out
The spelling tume stays the same in every row, so read the word it is paired with. The meaning comes from the object, such as seera, mucaa, bokkaa, buna, midhaan or ilkaan.
Drafted from Grade 10 Afaan Oromoo, pages 114-128, then checked twice before it went up
When you use it
Use this when you write a paragraph on a topic, so that it has one main idea, supporting sentences, a logical order and a proper ending.
Watch out
Do not finish the paragraph before every promised point is stated. If you announce three points and explain only two, the paragraph is incomplete.
Drafted from Grade 10 Afaan Oromoo, pages 114-128, then checked twice before it went up
The student textbook for the new curriculum, free as a PDF. The cards on this page follow its chapters.
Ministry of Education edition, Afaan Oromoo
148 pages
Oromia Education Bureau edition, Afaan Oromoo
118 pages
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