What do the Grade 11 English cards cover?

24 cards across 9 chapters of the national textbook: Environmental Hazards, Civilization, Causes of Road Traffic Accidents, People and Natural Resources, Irrigation, Global Warming, Efficiency of Health Services, Indigenous Conflict Resolution and 1 more. You can take any chapter one card at a time on the page itself.

Is there a national exam in Grade 11?

No. Ethiopia sets national exams in Grade 6, Grade 8 and Grade 12 only. These cards are for your school's own exams, and for the national exam that comes a few years later.

Where do these cards come from?

They are drafted from Grade 11 English, the Ministry of Education textbook for this grade. A second pass that cannot see the chapter then re-derives every formula, constant and table row, and anything it cannot confirm is held back instead of published.

Yes. Every card here is free to read and the printable sheet is free to download. Neither needs an account.

When was this last checked?

8 October 2026. Cards arrive chapter by chapter, and the line under each one says when that card was last read through.

Free short notes and revision cards

Grade 11 English

Grade 11 English on Temari has 24 revision cards, arranged by the chapters of the Ethiopian national curriculum. Every card says when the rule applies, what each symbol in it stands for, and the mistake students most often make with it. They are free to read and need no account.

24
Cards: 9
Chapters: 6
Reference tables: Grade 11 English
Textbook: Free
Price: 8 October 2026
Last checked

Everything24Rule17Reference table6Method1

Environmental Hazards

Sentence errors: fragment, run-on, comma spliceRule

When you use it

Check for these three errors when you edit your writing or punctuate sentences. A fragment is incomplete, a run-on joins two independent clauses with nothing, and a comma splice joins them with only a comma.

Watch out

A comma alone cannot join two independent clauses: The doctor performed the operation, the patient died is wrong. Join them with a semicolon, or with a coordinating connector such as and, but, or, nor, for or yet. A group of words starting with Since or Although and having no main clause is still a fragment.

Drafted from Grade 11 English, pages 1-32, then checked twice before it went up

Simple present passiveRule

When you use it

Use it to describe a process or procedure, or when the person or thing affected by the action matters more than the doer. Form it with am, is or are plus the past participle: The rooms are cleaned every day. Is coffee served here?

Watch out

Make am, is or are agree with the subject, and always follow it with the past participle, not the base verb. Only transitive verbs can be made passive. Negative: Coffee is not served here. Question: Is coffee served here?

Drafted from Grade 11 English, pages 1-32, then checked twice before it went up

Civilization

Defining and non-defining relative clausesRule

When you use it

Use this when you describe a noun with who, whom, whose, which, that, where or when, and must decide which type of clause it is. A defining clause limits the noun, and a non-defining clause only adds extra information.

Watch out

Test it by removing the clause. If the meaning stays the same, it is non-defining (Addis Ababa University, which is entirely face to face, has main offices at Sidist Kilo). If the meaning changes or the sentence is incomplete, it is defining (The student who sits in the back asks a lot of questions).

Drafted from Grade 11 English, pages 33-63, then checked twice before it went up

Let and make with a bare infinitiveRule

When you use it

Use this when a sentence says someone allowed or caused something. Let means allow, make means force or cause, and both take an object plus the bare infinitive (My boss let me leave early. That story made me cry).

Watch out

Do not put to after let or make in an active sentence (let me to leave is wrong). Only in the passive does make take to: She was made to work on Saturdays. Let's plus infinitive is a suggestion.

Drafted from Grade 11 English, pages 33-63, then checked twice before it went up

Reported speech: tense, time words, questions, ordersRule

When you use it

Use this when you turn someone's exact words into reported speech. For past reporting, move the tense one step back (I have a new car becomes He said he had a new car) and change time words (tomorrow becomes the following day).

Watch out

In a reported question, drop do and the question order. Use if for yes/no questions or keep the question word (Where do they live? becomes You asked me where they lived). Report an order with tell plus to infinitive and a request with ask plus to infinitive. Tell needs an object pronoun.

Drafted from Grade 11 English, pages 33-63, then checked twice before it went up

Causes of Road Traffic Accidents

Adverbial clauses of reasonRule

When you use it

Use it when you add a clause to the main clause to say why an action happened. The conjunctions are because, as, since and that. Use because for a reason the listener does not know yet. Use as or since when the listener already knows the reason: As it is raining again, we will have to cancel the match.

Watch out

Do not tick every clause that starts with as, if, unless or although. If, unless, although and as soon as do not give a reason. Ask whether the clause answers why. I did not buy it because I did not like the look of it gives a reason. As soon as they finish the housework, they will start cooking does not.

Drafted from Grade 11 English, pages 64-90, then checked twice before it went up

Adverbial clauses of result: so that, in order that, so...that, such...thatRule

When you use it

Use it to say what happens or may happen as a result of the main clause. The conjunctions are so that, in order that, so...that and such...that. So that and in order that also express purpose, and in order that is more formal. So...that can often be replaced by too...to: It was so hot that we didn't go out. It was too hot to go out.

Watch out

So is followed by an adjective or adverb: so hot, so bravely. Such is followed by a noun phrase: such a low voice, such a kind man. Do not swap them. After so that and in order that you may use a present tense for the future: Send the letter by SMS, so that she gets it before Wednesday.

Drafted from Grade 11 English, pages 64-90, then checked twice before it went up

Semicolon, apostrophe and hyphenRule

When you use it

Use it when you edit a text for punctuation. A semicolon sits between two closely linked main clauses, a break stronger than a comma but weaker than a full stop. An apostrophe shows possession (Malcolm's cat) or omission (isn't). A hyphen joins compound words (mother-in-law), prefixes to words (post-Marxist) and marks word breaks (eighteenth- and nineteenth-century).

Watch out

Do not leave out the apostrophe of omission or possession: write we're, she'll, I'll, my brother's wife. Use a semicolon only where both sides could stand as sentences on their own. Do not use it where you need only a comma.

Drafted from Grade 11 English, pages 64-90, then checked twice before it went up

People and Natural Resources

Adverbial clauses of purposeRule

When you use it

Use this when a clause must give the purpose of the verb in the main clause, with so that, in order that, in order to, so or lest. After so that and in order that put a modal such as can or will (may is more formal), and after lest put should.

Watch out

A present tense may also refer to the future after so that, so both She will get it by Thursday and She gets it by Thursday are fine in the clause. In order to takes a plain verb with no new subject (in order to start), while so that and in order that need a full clause with a subject and modal.

Drafted from Grade 11 English, pages 91-115, then checked twice before it went up

Simple future and future perfectRule

When you use it

Use will plus the base verb for something predicted or that will happen. Use will have plus the past participle for an action that will be finished before a point in the future, often with a time expression such as before you arrive.

Watch out

Do not use the simple future when the action will already be complete by the future time given. Write She will have learned to walk before she begins kindergarten, not She will learn, and watch for a time expression that marks the point in the future.

Drafted from Grade 11 English, pages 91-115, then checked twice before it went up

Irrigation

Adverb clauses of reasonRule

When you use it

Use this when a sentence must say why something happens, or when an exercise asks you to find or complete a clause beginning with because, since, as, as long as or now that.

Watch out

A reason clause cannot stand alone. "Because the rain has stopped" is only a clause, so you must add a main clause to finish the sentence.

Drafted from Grade 11 English, pages 116-140, then checked twice before it went up

Verbs followed by gerunds or infinitivesReference tableGerund (-ing) only · Infinitive (to) only · Both gerund and infinitive

Verb pattern	Verbs from the chapter
Gerund (-ing) only	admit, anticipate, can't see, complete, deny, encourage, enjoy, imagine
Infinitive (to) only	afford, aim, bother, care, fail, learn, hesitate, offer, prepare, volunteer
Both gerund and infinitive	quit, regret, remember, try, need, love, propose, neglect, prefer

When you use it

Use this when you must put a verb into the -ing form or the to form after another verb, for example in a fill-in exercise. Check which of the three groups the first verb belongs to.

Watch out

Verbs in the last group take both forms, but the meaning changes. Do not treat them as interchangeable: I remembered to visit and I remembered visiting, I stopped to call and I stopped calling, I tried to open and I tried opening are different in meaning.

Drafted from Grade 11 English, pages 116-140, then checked twice before it went up

Writing an argumentative essayMethod

When you use it

Use this when you are asked to write an essay that argues for or against a statement. Follow the four stages of process writing and the introduction, body and conclusion structure.

Watch out

Do not introduce new information in the conclusion. Restate the arguments and show why the thesis is sound. Also check that every body paragraph has a topic sentence that links back to the thesis statement.

Drafted from Grade 11 English, pages 116-140, then checked twice before it went up

Global Warming

Comparative and superlative formsReference tablesmall · big · happy · +4

Adjective or adverb	Comparative	Superlative
small	smaller	the smallest
big	bigger	the biggest
happy	happier	the happiest
thoughtful	more thoughtful	the most thoughtful
carefully	more carefully	the most carefully
intelligent	more intelligent	the most intelligent
clever	cleverer or more clever	the cleverest or the most clever

When you use it

Use the comparative to describe the difference between two persons or things. Use the superlative to describe one person or thing against all others of its kind. Use as ... as to show that two things are equal.

Watch out

Spelling and word length decide the form. Double the last letter in big, bigger, biggest. Change y to i in happy, happier, happiest. Use more and most, or less and least, with longer words such as intelligent and with adverbs ending in ly. Do not add er or est to them.

Drafted from Grade 11 English, pages 141-164, then checked twice before it went up

Four types of conditional sentencesReference table0 · 1 · 2 · +1

Type	If clause	Main clause
0	If you heat ice,	it melts.
1	If you study,	you will pass the examination.
2	If I were you,	I would accept the offer.
3	If she had not studied well,	she would not have joined university.

When you use it

Use it when you write an if sentence and must choose the verb forms. Type 0 states a fact. Type 1 is a possible present or future condition. Type 2 is an unlikely or unreal present or future situation. Type 3 is the past result of something that did not happen.

Watch out

Unless already means if not, so the unless clause stays positive: 'Unless you call me, I will not come.' Do not write unless and not together. In type 3 the if clause needs had plus the past participle. The formal inverted form drops if and starts with had: 'Had I known you before, I could have told it to you.'

Drafted from Grade 11 English, pages 141-164, then checked twice before it went up

Prefer, would prefer and would ratherRule

When you use it

Use prefer to talk generally about likes, dislikes or what you want. Use would prefer and would rather to be more specific. Prefer is followed by the verb with ing: 'I prefer living in a city.' Would prefer is followed by to plus the verb: 'I would prefer to see him in person.' Would rather is followed by the verb without to: 'I would rather go home now.'

Watch out

Do not put to after would rather. Write 'Would you rather stay at a hotel?' and not 'Would you rather to stay'. Keep the three patterns apart, because the three expressions differ in meaning and in form.

Drafted from Grade 11 English, pages 141-164, then checked twice before it went up

Efficiency of Health Services

Passive voice: how to form itRule

\text{object} + \text{to be (tense of active verb)} + \text{past participle} + (\text{by subject})

\text{object} + \text{to be (tense of active verb)} + \text{past participle} + (\text{by subject})

When you use it

Use it when the action matters more than the doer, or when the doer is unknown or not worth naming. It also sounds more polite than blaming someone, as in 'A car was broken' against 'You broke the car'.

Watch out

Keep the tense of the active verb. Put the right form of to be in that tense, then add the past participle. Present perfect 'has disposed of' becomes 'have been disposed of', and simple future 'will finish' becomes 'will be finished'. Do not change the tense.

Drafted from Grade 11 English, pages 204-224, then checked twice before it went up

Quantifiers: few, a few, little, a littleRule

When you use it

Use them to say how many (countable) or how much (uncountable) there is. Choose with or without the article to show whether the amount feels enough or not enough.

Watch out

Dropping 'a' reverses the meaning. 'Few of my friends were there, so I was disappointed' is negative. 'A few of my friends were there, so I was quite happy' is positive. The same holds for 'little time left' against 'a little time to spare'. Also keep countable and uncountable apart: few, a few, several, many and a number of go with countable nouns, while little, a little, much and a great deal of go with uncountable nouns.

Drafted from Grade 11 English, pages 204-224, then checked twice before it went up

Indigenous Conflict Resolution

Cohesive devices by functionReference tableAddition · Contrast · Comparison · +6

Function	Cohesive devices
Addition	and, besides, furthermore, moreover
Contrast	but, however, nevertheless, on the other hand
Comparison	likewise, similarly, in the same way
Concession	though, although, in spite of the fact
Examples	for example, for instance, in other words
Reason	because, as, since
Result	therefore, thus, hence, consequently
Conclusion	in sum, in brief, in short, finally, in conclusion
Sequence	first, second, then, next

When you use it

Use it when you write or summarise an expository text and need words to link ideas between sentences and paragraphs. Pick the device by the relation you want to show, such as contrast, reason or result.

Watch out

Choose the device by its function. Do not use a contrast word like however where you mean a result, which needs therefore or thus.

Drafted from Grade 11 English, pages 225-252, then checked twice before it went up

Nominative and accusative pronoun caseRule

When you use it

Use it when you must choose between pairs such as he or him, we or us inside a sentence. The nominative case marks the subject, and the accusative case marks the object of a verb or the object of a preposition.

Watch out

In a pair such as "You and he", the pair is the subject, so use the nominative form and never "you and him". The case depends on the job the pronoun does in the sentence, not on where it stands.

Drafted from Grade 11 English, pages 225-252, then checked twice before it went up

Past continuous and past perfect continuousRule

When you use it

Use the past continuous (was or were + verb-ing) for an action in progress at a precise past time, or one interrupted by another action. Use the past perfect continuous (had been + verb-ing) for an action that began in the past and continued up to another past time, often with for, since, before or when.

Watch out

Some verbs do not suit a continuous form, for example arrive. Write "At noon, he arrived", never "At noon, he was arriving".

Drafted from Grade 11 English, pages 225-252, then checked twice before it went up

Artificial Intelligence

Conditional sentences: zero, type 1, 2 and 3Reference tableZero · Type 1 (probable) · Type 2 · +1

Type	Use	Form	Example
Zero	What is generally true or what you normally do	If + simple present, simple present	If I go to a friend's house, I usually take some gifts.
Type 1 (probable)	What will probably happen in the future	If + simple present, will + verb	If you come tomorrow, you will get me in my office.
Type 2	What you would do in an imaginary situation	If + simple past, would + verb 1	If I owned a car, I would drive to work.
Type 3	Regret or a guess about the past	If + past perfect, would have + past participle	If you had worked hard, you would have passed your exam.

When you use it

Use this when you must complete or correct an if sentence. First decide whether the situation is always true, probable in the future, imaginary now, or about the past, then choose the matching verb forms.

Watch out

Never put will in the if clause: write What will happen if I do this, not if I will do this. Unless already means if not, so write Unless she is careful, not Unless she is not careful.

Drafted from Grade 11 English, pages 253-272, then checked twice before it went up

Homophones and homographsRule

When you use it

Use this when asked to tell the two apart or to write sentences that show the difference in meaning. Homophones are pronounced alike but differ in spelling or meaning, like cent, scent and sent. Homographs are spelled alike but differ in meaning, like bank of a river and bank for money.

Watch out

Homophones are about sound and homographs are about spelling, so do not swap the definitions. Write a separate sentence for each word that makes its meaning clear, for example to go to church and two friends.

Drafted from Grade 11 English, pages 253-272, then checked twice before it went up

Phrasal verbs from this unit and their meaningsReference tablerule out · run out · run across · +5

Phrasal verb	Meaning
rule out	exclude, eliminate or ban
run out	come to an end, exhaust supplies
run across	meet by chance
run away	escape
run into	collide with
run over	crush
run up	accumulate
run down	stop functioning

When you use it

Use this when you must match a phrasal verb to its meaning or use it in your own sentence. The eight verbs are rule out and seven with run.

Watch out

A phrasal verb does not mean what its separate words mean. Do not mix run across, which is meeting by chance, with run into, which is colliding with.

Drafted from Grade 11 English, pages 253-272, then checked twice before it went up

The same subject in other years

An exam paper keeps asking for what the year below taught. Those cards are here too.

Your other Grade 11 subjects

Everything else in this year that has cards so far.

Questions students ask

What do the Grade 11 English cards cover?: 24 cards across 9 chapters of the national textbook: Environmental Hazards, Civilization, Causes of Road Traffic Accidents, People and Natural Resources, Irrigation, Global Warming, Efficiency of Health Services, Indigenous Conflict Resolution and 1 more. You can take any chapter one card at a time on the page itself.
Is there a national exam in Grade 11?: No. Ethiopia sets national exams in Grade 6, Grade 8 and Grade 12 only. These cards are for your school's own exams, and for the national exam that comes a few years later.
Where do these cards come from?: They are drafted from Grade 11 English, the Ministry of Education textbook for this grade. A second pass that cannot see the chapter then re-derives every formula, constant and table row, and anything it cannot confirm is held back instead of published.
Is this free?: Yes. Every card here is free to read and the printable sheet is free to download. Neither needs an account.
When was this last checked?: 8 October 2026. Cards arrive chapter by chapter, and the line under each one says when that card was last read through.

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